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Conventionally, an Operator decides and adjusts various machine parameters like feed , depth of cut etc depending on type of job, and controls the slide movements by Hand.in a CNC Machine functions and slide movement are controls by motors using computer programs.
For a CNC machine controls unit ( MCU) decides cutting speed ,feed, depth of cut, tool selection. Coolant on of and tool path . The MCU issues commands in form of numeric data to motors that position slides and tool accordingly. Overview A numerical controls, or “NC” system controls many machine functions and movements which were traditionally performed by skilled machinists. Numerical control developed out of the need to meet the requirements of high production rates, uniformity and consistent part quality. Programmed instructions are converted into output signal which in turn control machine operations such as a spindle speed, tool selection , tool movement , and cutting fluid flow.
By integrating a computer processor, computer numerical control, or “CNC” as it is now known, allows part machining programs to be edited and stored in the computer memory as well as permitting diagnostics and quality control functions during the actual machining.
All CNC machining begins with a part program, which is a sequential instructions or coded commands that direct the specific machine functions.The part program may be manually generated or, more commonly, generated by computer aided part programming systems.
Principles of CNC
All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and repeatedly control motion in various directions. Each of these directions of motion is called an axis. Depending on the machine type there are commonly two to five axes.Additionally, a CNC axis may be either a linear axis in which movement is in a straight line, or a rotary axis with motion following a circular path.
Each axis consists of a mechanical component, such as a slide that moves, a servo drive motor that powers the mechanical movement, and a ball screw to transfer the power from the servo drive motor to the mechanical component. These components, along with the computer controls that govern them, are referred to as an axis drive system.
Using a vertical mill machining center as an example, there are typically three linear axes of motion. Each is given an alphabetic designation or address. The machine table motion side to side is called the “X” axis. Table movement in and out is the “Y” axis, while head movement up and down the column is the “Z” axis. Advantage of CNC Machine
·High Repeatability and Precision e.g. Aircraft parts
·Volume of production is very high
·Complex contours / surface need to be machined e.g. turbines
·Flexibility in job change , automatic tool setting , less scarp
·More safe , high productivity , better quality
·Less paper work , faster prototype production , reduction in lead times
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